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A Poisson process is a process satisfying the following properties: 1. The numbers of changes in nonoverlapping intervals are independent for all intervals. 2. The ...

A polyomino tiling is a tiling of the plane by specified types of polyominoes. Tiling by polyominoes has been investigated since at least the late 1950s, particularly by S. ...

The word polytope is used to mean a number of related, but slightly different mathematical objects. A convex polytope may be defined as the convex hull of a finite set of ...

Many algorithms have been devised for determining the prime factors of a given number (a process called prime factorization). They vary quite a bit in sophistication and ...

The unique nonnegative square root of a nonnegative real number. For example, the principal square root of 9 is 3, although both -3 and 3 are square roots of 9. The concept ...

The Q-chromatic polynomial, introduced by Birkhoff and Lewis (1946) and termed the "Q-chromial" by Bari (1974), is an alternate form of the chromatic polynomial pi(x) defined ...

The term "real line" has a number of different meanings in mathematics. Most commonly, "real line" is used to mean real axis, i.e., a line with a fixed scale so that every ...

A prime which does not divide the class number h(p) of the cyclotomic field obtained by adjoining a primitive pth root of unity to the field of rationals. A prime p is ...

A repunit prime is a repunit (i.e., a number consisting of copies of the single digit 1) that is also a prime number. The base-10 repunit (possibly probable) primes ...

The prime number theorem shows that the nth prime number p_n has the asymptotic value p_n∼nlnn (1) as n->infty (Havil 2003, p. 182). Rosser's theorem makes this a rigorous ...