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Data resulting from the observation of a population on a number of variables over time. Whenever observations are made more than once, the data is considered to be ...

The lower independence number i(G) of a graph G is the minimum size of a maximal independent vertex set in G. The lower indepedence number is equiavlent to the "independent ...

There are several types of numbers that are commonly termed "lucky numbers." The first is the lucky numbers of Euler. The second is obtained by writing out all odd numbers: ...

For a real number x, the mantissa is defined as the positive fractional part x-|_x_|=frac(x), where |_x_| denotes the floor function. For example, for x=3.14159, the mantissa ...

The sequence generated by repeated application of a map. The map is said to have a closed orbit if it has a finite number of elements.

The ring of integers of a number field K, denoted O_K, is the set of algebraic integers in K, which is a ring of dimension d over Z, where d is the extension degree of K over ...

The series with sum sum_(n=0)^infty1/(F_(2^n))=1/2(7-sqrt(5)), where F_k is a Fibonacci number (Honsberger 1985).

Let R be a number ring of degree n with 2s imaginary embeddings. Then every ideal class of R contains an ideal J such that ||J||<=(n!)/(n^n)(4/pi)^ssqrt(|disc(R)|), where ...

The operation of subtraction, i.e., a minus b. The operation is denoted a-b. The minus sign "-" is also used to denote a negative number, i.e., -x.

A number n for which the product of divisors is equal to n^2. The first few are 1, 6, 8, 10, 14, 15, 21, 22, ... (OEIS A007422).