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The party problem, also known as the maximum clique problem, asks to find the minimum number of guests that must be invited so that at least m will know each other or at ...

An analog of the determinant for number triangles defined as a signed sum indexed by set partitions of {1,...,n} into pairs of elements. The Pfaffian is the square root of ...

The angular position of a quantity. For example, the phase of a function cos(omegat+phi_0) as a function of time is phi(t)=omegat+phi_0. The complex argument of a complex ...

A prismatoid having planar sides and the same number of vertices in both of its parallel planes. The faces of a prismoid are therefore either trapezoids or parallelograms. ...

The whole neighborhood of any point y_i of an algebraic curve may be uniformly represented by a certain finite number of convergent developments in power series, ...

A random composition of a number n in k parts is one of the (n+k-1; n) possible compositions of n, where (n; k) is a binomial coefficient. A random composition can be given ...

The real axis is the line in the complex plane corresponding to zero imaginary part, I[z]=0. Every real number corresponds to a unique point on the real axis.

A curvilinear polygon built up of circular arcs. The Reuleaux polygon is a generalization of the Reuleaux triangle and, for an odd number of sides, is a curve of constant ...

An algorithm for multiplying two 32-bit integers modulo a 32-bit constant without using any intermediates larger than 32 bits. It is also useful in certain types of random ...

Let a sequence {a_i}_(i=1)^infty be strictly increasing and composed of nonnegative integers. Call A(x) the number of terms not exceeding x. Then the density is given by ...