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If A is true precisely unless B, then B implies not-A and not-B implies A. J. H. Conway has suggested the term "unlesss" for this state of affairs, by analogy with iff.

The problem of forecasting future values X_(t+tau) (tau>0) of a weakly stationary process {X_t} from the known values X_s (s<=t).

The positive predictive value is the probability that a test gives a true result for a true statistic. The negative predictive value is the probability that a test gives a ...

A premise is a statement that is assumed to be true. Formal logic uses a set of premises and syllogisms to arrive at a conclusion.

Each prime factor p_i^(alpha_i) in an integer's prime factorization is called a primary.

Find two numbers such that x^2=y^2 (mod n). If you know the greatest common divisor of n and x-y, there exists a high probability of determining a prime factor. Taking small ...

The prime subfield of a field F is the subfield of F generated by the multiplicative identity 1_F of F. It is isomorphic to either Q (if the field characteristic is 0), or ...

The directions in which the principal curvatures occur.

At each point on a given a two-dimensional surface, there are two "principal" radii of curvature. The larger is denoted R_1, and the smaller R_2. The "principal directions" ...

A data structure designed to allow repeated extraction of the smallest remaining key (Skiena 1990, p. 38).