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A "beam detector" for a given curve C is defined as a curve (or set of curves) through which every line tangent to or intersecting C passes. The shortest 1-arc beam detector, ...

A Cartan matrix is a square integer matrix who elements (A_(ij)) satisfy the following conditions. 1. A_(ij) is an integer, one of {-3,-2,-1,0,2}. 2. A_(ii)=2 the diagonal ...

A diagram lemma which states that, given the commutative diagram of additive Abelian groups with exact rows, the following holds: 1. If f_0 is surjective, and f_1 and f_3 are ...

A plane path on a set of equally spaced lattice points, starting at the origin, where the first step is one unit to the north or south, the second step is two units to the ...

Let two spheres of radii R and r be located along the x-axis centered at (0,0,0) and (d,0,0), respectively. Not surprisingly, the analysis is very similar to the case of the ...

Let A denote an R-algebra, so that A is a vector space over R and A×A->A (1) (x,y)|->x·y. (2) Then A is said to be alternative if, for all x,y in A, (x·y)·y=x·(y·y) (3) ...

Three elements x, y and z of a set S are said to be associative under a binary operation * if they satisfy x*(y*z)=(x*y)*z. (1) Real numbers are associative under addition ...

For P, Q, R, and S polynomials in n variables [P·Q,R·S]=sum_(i_1,...,i_n>=0)A/(i_1!...i_n!), (1) where A=[R^((i_1,...,i_n))(D_1,...,D_n)Q(x_1,...,x_n) ...

The nth order Bernstein expansion of a function f(x) in terms of a variable x is given by B_n(f,x)=sum_(j=0)^n(n; j)x^j(1-x)^(n-j)f(j/n), (1) (Gzyl and Palacios 1997, Mathé ...

Define O = lim_(->)O(n),F=R (1) U = lim_(->)U(n),F=C (2) Sp = lim_(->)Sp(n),F=H. (3) Then Omega^2BU = BU×Z (4) Omega^4BO = BSp×Z (5) Omega^4BSp = BO×Z. (6)