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A Goldbach number is a positive integer that is the sum of two odd primes (Li 1999). Let E(x) (the "exceptional set of Goldbach numbers") denote the number of even numbers ...

Simplemindedly, a number theoretic transform is a generalization of a fast Fourier transform obtained by replacing e^(-2piik/N) with an nth primitive root of unity. This ...

Let K be a number field and let O be an order in K. Then the set of equivalence classes of invertible fractional ideals of O forms a multiplicative Abelian group called the ...

A bitangent is a line that is tangent to a curve at two distinct points. Aa general plane quartic curve has 28 bitangents in the complex projective plane. However, as shown ...

The position of a rational number in the sequence 1/1, 1/2, 2/1, 1/3, 3/1, 1/4, 2/3, 3/2, 4/1, 1/5, ..., ordered in terms of increasing numerator+denominator.

A graceful graph is a graph that can be gracefully labeled. Special cases of graceful graphs include the utility graph K_(2,3) (Gardner 1983) and Petersen graph. A graph that ...

The Kronecker symbol is an extension of the Jacobi symbol (n/m) to all integers. It is variously written as (n/m) or (n/m) (Cohn 1980; Weiss 1998, p. 236) or (n|m) (Dickson ...

The characteristic function f(n)={1 n is prime; 0 n otherwise (1) of primes has values 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, ... (OEIS A010051) for n=1, 2, ...

A useful determinant identity allows the following determinant to be expressed using vector operations, |x_1 y_1 z_1 1; x_2 y_2 z_2 1; x_3 y_3 z_3 1; x_4 y_4 z_4 ...

A square root of x is a number r such that r^2=x. When written in the form x^(1/2) or especially sqrt(x), the square root of x may also be called the radical or surd. The ...