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Archimedes' cattle problem, also called the bovinum problema, or Archimedes' reverse, is stated as follows: "The sun god had a herd of cattle consisting of bulls and cows, ...

The determination of the number of alternating permutations having elements {1,2,...,n}.

A shuffling algorithm used in a class of random number generators.

The symbol "-" which is used to denote a negative number or subtraction.

A palindromic prime is a number that is simultaneously palindromic and prime. The first few (base-10) palindromic primes are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, ...

The rook is a chess piece that may move any number of spaces either horizontally or vertically per move. The maximum number of nonattacking rooks that may be placed on an n×n ...

The number of poles of an automorphic function in the closure of its fundamental region.

A circle-preserving transformation composed of an odd number of inversions.

A base-60, or sexagesimal, number system, used by the ancient Babylonians.

A variable which belongs to exactly one of a finite number of categories.