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The natural projection, also called the homomorphism, is a logical way of mapping an algebraic structure onto its quotient structures. The natural projection pi is defined ...

In a normal n×n Latin square, the entries in each row and column are chosen from a "global" set of n objects. Like a Latin square, a partial Latin square has no two rows or ...

The negative derivative S(v)=-D_(v)N (1) of the unit normal N vector field of a surface is called the shape operator (or Weingarten map or second fundamental tensor). The ...

There appear to be two different definitions of the standard error. The standard error of a sample of sample size n is the sample's standard deviation divided by sqrt(n). It ...

For a scalar function f over a surface parameterized by u and v, the surface integral is given by Phi = int_Sfda (1) = int_Sf(u,v)|T_uxT_v|dudv, (2) where T_u and T_v are ...

The "ternary" Champernowne constant can be defined by concatenating the ternary representations of the integers C_3 = 0.(1)(2)(1,0)(1,1)(1,2)(2,0)..._3 (1) = ...

A vector field is a map f:R^n|->R^n that assigns each x a vector f(x). Several vector fields are illustrated above. A vector field is uniquely specified by giving its ...

erf(z) is the "error function" encountered in integrating the normal distribution (which is a normalized form of the Gaussian function). It is an entire function defined by ...

The natural logarithm of 2 is a transcendental quantity that arises often in decay problems, especially when half-lives are being converted to decay constants. ln2 has ...

Ball point picking is the selection of points randomly placed inside a ball. n random points can be picked in a unit ball in the Wolfram Language using the function ...