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A characterization of normal spaces with respect to the definition given by Kelley (1955, p. 112) or Willard (1970, p. 99). It states that the topological space X is normal ...

The Weingarten equations express the derivatives of the normal vector to a surface using derivatives of the position vector. Let x:U->R^3 be a regular patch, then the shape ...

The contact angle between a sphere and a tangent plane is the angle alpha between the normal to the sphere at the point of tangency and the basal plane with respect to which ...

A game in which the possible moves are the same for each player in any position. All positions in all impartial games form an additive Abelian group. For impartial games in ...

Given a plane ax+by+cz+d=0 (1) and a point x_0=(x_0,y_0,z_0), the normal vector to the plane is given by v=[a; b; c], (2) and a vector from the plane to the point is given by ...

A convergence test also called "de Morgan's and Bertrand's test." If the ratio of terms of a series {a_n}_(n=1)^infty can be written in the form ...

If the cross ratio kappa of {AB,CD} satisfy kappa^2-kappa+1=0, (1) then the points are said to form a bivalent range, and {AB,CD}={AC,DB}={AD,BC}=kappa (2) ...

The diameter of a circle is the distance from a point on the circle to a point pi radians away, and is the maximum distance from one point on a circle to another. The ...

If, for n and d integers, the ratio n/d is itself an integer, then d is said to divide n. This relationship is written d|n, read "d divides n." In this case, n is also said ...

A shell bounded by two similar ellipsoids having a constant ratio of axes. Given a chord passing through a homeoid, the distance between inner and outer intersections is ...