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A function giving the distribution of the interpoint distances of a curve. It is defined by p(r)=1/Nsum_(ij)delta_(r_(ij)=r).

A level set in three dimensions.

The plane spanned by the normal vector N and the binormal vector B.

The plane spanned by the three points x(t), x(t+h_1), and x(t+h_2) on a curve as h_1,h_2->0. Let z be a point on the osculating plane, then [(z-x),x^',x^('')]=0, where ...

The motion along a phase curve as a function of time (Tabor 1989, p. 14).

For a function with 2 degrees of freedom, the 2-dimensional phase space that is accessible to the function or object is called its phase plane.

If del xF=0 (i.e., F(x) is an irrotational field) in a simply connected neighborhood U(x) of a point x, then in this neighborhood, F is the gradient of a scalar field phi(x), ...

At each point on a given a two-dimensional surface, there are two "principal" radii of curvature. The larger is denoted R_1, and the smaller R_2. The "principal directions" ...

sigma=1/tau, where tau is the torsion. The symbol phi is also sometimes used instead of sigma.

The plane spanned by the tangent vector T and binormal vector B.