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The mathematical study of knots. Knot theory considers questions such as the following: 1. Given a tangled loop of string, is it really knotted or can it, with enough ...

The approximation for pi given by pi approx sqrt((40)/3-2sqrt(3)) (1) = 1/3sqrt(120-18sqrt(3)) (2) = 3.141533.... (3) In the above figure, let OA=OF=1, and construct the ...

A lattice graph, also known as a mesh graph or grid graph, is a graph possessing an embedding in a Euclidean space R^n that forms a regular tiling. Examples include grid ...

Consider the general system of two first-order ordinary differential equations x^. = f(x,y) (1) y^. = g(x,y). (2) Let x_0 and y_0 denote fixed points with x^.=y^.=0, so ...

Little's law states that, under steady state conditions, the average number of items in a queuing system equals the average rate at which the items arrive multiplied by the ...

A point x^* which is mapped to itself under a map G, so that x^*=G(x^*). Such points are sometimes also called invariant points or fixed elements (Woods 1961). Stable fixed ...

Montgomery's pair correlation conjecture, published in 1973, asserts that the two-point correlation function R_2(r) for the zeros of the Riemann zeta function zeta(z) on the ...

A morphism is a map between two objects in an abstract category. 1. A general morphism is called a homomorphism, 2. A morphism f:Y->X in a category is a monomorphism if, for ...

Polynomials s_k(x;a) which form the Sheffer sequence for g(t) = ((e^t-1)/t)^(-a) (1) f(t) = e^t-1 (2) which have generating function ...

A ring is called left (respectively, right) Noetherian if it does not contain an infinite ascending chain of left (respectively, right) ideals. In this case, the ring in ...