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A perfect cubic polynomial can be factored into a linear and a quadratic term, x^3+y^3 = (x+y)(x^2-xy+y^2) (1) x^3-y^3 = (x-y)(x^2+xy+y^2). (2)

A point where a curve intersects itself along three arcs. The above plot shows the triple point at the origin of the trifolium (x^2+y^2)^2+3x^2y-y^3=0.

Let n>1 be any integer and let lpf(n) (also denoted LD(n)) be the least integer greater than 1 that divides n, i.e., the number p_1 in the factorization ...

The Spencer-Brown form is a simple mathematical concept that formalizes what a mathematical object is formally identical to what it is not (Spencer-Brown 1997, pp. ix and ...

A test for the primality of Fermat numbers F_n=2^(2^n)+1, with n>=2 and k>=2. Then the two following conditions are equivalent: 1. F_n is prime and (k/F_n)=-1, where (n/k) is ...

A 1-cusped epicycloid has b=a, so n=1. The radius measured from the center of the large circle for a 1-cusped epicycloid is given by epicycloid equation (◇) with n=1 so r^2 = ...

Amazingly, the distribution of a difference of two normally distributed variates X and Y with means and variances (mu_x,sigma_x^2) and (mu_y,sigma_y^2), respectively, is ...

R(p,tau) = int_(-infty)^inftyint_(-infty)^infty[1/(sigmasqrt(2pi))e^(-(x^2+y^2)/(2sigma^2))]delta[y-(tau+px)]dydx (1) = ...

Ramsey's theorem is a generalization of Dilworth's lemma which states for each pair of positive integers k and l there exists an integer R(k,l) (known as the Ramsey number) ...

A special case of Hölder's sum inequality with p=q=2, (sum_(k=1)^na_kb_k)^2<=(sum_(k=1)^na_k^2)(sum_(k=1)^nb_k^2), (1) where equality holds for a_k=cb_k. The inequality is ...