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The orthotomic of the unit circle represented by x = cost (1) y = sint (2) with a source at (x,y) is x_o = xcos(2t)-ysin(2t)+2sint (3) y_o = -xsin(2t)-ycos(2t)+2cost. (4)

Two elements x and y of a set S are said to be commutative under a binary operation * if they satisfy x*y=y*x. (1) Real numbers are commutative under addition x+y=y+x (2) and ...

Let suma_k and sumb_k be a series with positive terms and suppose a_1<=b_1, a_2<=b_2, .... 1. If the bigger series converges, then the smaller series also converges. 2. If ...

Given a group with elements A and X, there must be an element B which is a similarity transformation of A,B=X^(-1)AX so A and B are conjugate with respect to X. Conjugate ...

Two bits or half a nibble. Since a crumb encodes values from 0 to 2^2-1=3, it can conveniently be represented using single quaternary digit. However, the term "crumb" is ...

The evolute of the cycloid x(t) = a(t-sint) (1) y(t) = a(1-cost) (2) is given by x(t) = a(t+sint) (3) y(t) = a(cost-1). (4) As can be seen in the above figure, the evolute is ...

A database can be roughly defined as a structure consisting of 1. A collection of information (the data), 2. A collection of queries that can be submitted, and 3. A ...

Given a square matrix M, the following are equivalent: 1. |M|!=0. 2. The columns of M are linearly independent. 3. The rows of M are linearly independent. 4. Range(M) = R^n. ...

For {M_i}_(i in I) a family of R-modules indexed by a directed set I, let sigma_(ij):M_i->M_j i<=j be an R-module homomorphism. Call (M_i,sigma_(ij)) a direct system over I ...

The double bar symbol | is used to denote certain kinds of norms in mathematics (e.g., ||x|| or ||x||_2). It is also used to denote parallel lines, as in A∥B, and in an older ...