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A closed ideal I in a C^*-algebra A is called essential if I has nonzero intersection with every other nonzero closed ideal A or, equivalently, if aI={0} implies a=0 for all ...

A bounded operator U on a Hilbert space H is called essentially unitary if U^*U-I and UU^*-I are compact operators.

The kurtosis excess of a distribution is sometimes called the excess, or excess coefficient. In graph theory, excess refers to the quantity e=n-n_l(v,g) (1) for a v-regular ...

A class of processes which attempt to round off a domain and simplify its theory by adjoining elements.

A line segment connecting nonadjacent polyhedron vertices sharing a common face in a parallelepiped or other similar solid.

Let A be a matrix and x and b vectors. Then the system Ax=b, x>=0 has no solution iff the system A^(T)y>=0, b^(T)y<0 has a solution, where y is a vector (Fang and Puthenpura ...

A finite geometry is a geometry with a finite number of points. When confined to a plane, all finite geometries are either projective plane geometries (with no parallel ...

Frequency representation is the notation (1^(a_1)2^(a_2)...) used to abbreviate a partition {1,...,1_()_(a_1),2,...,2_()_(a_2),...} (Andrews 1998, p. 1).

The computer animation format MPEG-7 uses Gabor functions to specify texture descriptors.

V_t=e^(-ytau)S_tN(d_1)-e^(-rtau)KN(d_2), where N is the cumulative normal distribution and d_1,d_2=(log((S_t)/K)+(r-y+/-1/2sigma^2)tau)/(sigmasqrt(tau)). If y=0, this is the ...