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The Pratt certificate is a primality certificate based on Fermat's little theorem converse. Prior to the work of Pratt (1975), the Lucas-Lehmer test had been regarded purely ...

A polygonal diagonal is a line segment connecting two nonadjacent polygon vertices of a polygon. The number of ways a fixed convex n-gon can be divided into triangles by ...

An analog of the determinant for number triangles defined as a signed sum indexed by set partitions of {1,...,n} into pairs of elements. The Pfaffian is the square root of ...

The total number of contravariant and covariant indices of a tensor. The rank R of a tensor is independent of the number of dimensions N of the underlying space. An intuitive ...

An alpha value is a number 0<=alpha<=1 such that P(z>=z_(observed))<=alpha is considered "significant," where P is a P-value.

If f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b], then there is at least one number x^* in [a,b] such that int_a^bf(x)dx=f(x^*)(b-a). The average value of the function (f^_) on ...

A necessary and sufficient condition for a sequence S_i to converge. The Cauchy criterion is satisfied when, for all epsilon>0, there is a fixed number N such that ...

If an infinite number of points in the plane are all separated by integer distances, then all the points lie on a straight line.

A curve created by starting with a circle, dividing it into six arcs, and flipping three alternating arcs. The process is then repeated an infinite number of times.

The sequence generated by repeated application of a map. The map is said to have a closed orbit if it has a finite number of elements.