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Given a map with genus g>0, Heawood showed in 1890 that the maximum number N_u of colors necessary to color a map (the chromatic number) on an unbounded surface is N_u = ...

The distinct prime factors of a positive integer n>=2 are defined as the omega(n) numbers p_1, ..., p_(omega(n)) in the prime factorization ...

The difference between the measured or inferred value of a quantity x_0 and its actual value x, given by Deltax=x_0-x (sometimes with the absolute value taken) is called the ...

In general, an arrangement of objects is simply a grouping of them. The number of "arrangements" of n items is given either by a combination (order is ignored) or permutation ...

The number of ways in which a group of n with weights sum_(i=1)^(n)w_i=1 can change a losing coalition (one with sumw_i<1/2) to a winning one, or vice versa. It was proposed ...

Complex infinity is an infinite number in the complex plane whose complex argument is unknown or undefined. Complex infinity may be returned by the Wolfram Language, where it ...

A complex magnification is a map of the form z|->az, where a is a positive real number, which corresponds to magnification about the origin of points in the complex plane by ...

A directed infinity in direction z is an infinite numerical quantity that is a positive real multiple of the complex number z. Directed infinity may be returned in the ...

A puzzle in which one object is to be converted to another by making a finite number of cuts and reassembling it. The cuts are often, but not always, restricted to straight ...

Down arrow notation is an inverse of the Knuth up-arrow notation defined by evn = lnn (1) evvn = ln^*n (2) evvvn = ln^(**)n, (3) where ln^*n is the number of times the ...