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Let P be the set of prime ideals of a commutative ring A. Then an affine scheme is a technical mathematical object defined as the ring spectrum sigma(A) of P, regarded as a ...

Let V be a vector space over a field K, and let A be a nonempty set. Now define addition p+a in A for any vector a in V and element p in A subject to the conditions: 1. ...

Let phi_0 be the latitude for the origin of the Cartesian coordinates and lambda_0 its longitude, and let phi_1 and phi_2 be the standard parallels. Then for a unit sphere, ...

The arithmetic-geometric index of a graph is defined as half the sum of the matrix elements of its arithmetic-geometric matrix.

The surface which is the inverse of the ellipsoid in the sense that it "goes in" where the ellipsoid "goes out." It is given by the parametric equations x = acos^3ucos^3v (1) ...

A parametric latitude which gives a sphere equal surface area relative to an ellipsoid. The authalic latitude is defined by beta=sin^(-1)(q/(q_p)), (1) where ...

A B-spline is a generalization of the Bézier curve. Let a vector known as the knot vector be defined T={t_0,t_1,...,t_m}, (1) where T is a nondecreasing sequence with t_i in ...

A method which can be used to solve some classes of integral equations and is especially useful in implementing certain types of data inversion. It has been applied to invert ...

The backward difference is a finite difference defined by del _p=del f_p=f_p-f_(p-1). (1) Higher order differences are obtained by repeated operations of the backward ...

The Behrmann cylindrical equal-area projection is a cylindrical equal-area projection with a standard parallel of phi_s=30 degrees.