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An encoding is a way of representing a number or expression in terms of another (usually simpler) one. However, multiple expressions can also be encoded as a single ...

Two quantities are said to be equal if they are, in some well-defined sense, equivalent. Equality of quantities a and b is written a=b. Equal is implemented in the Wolfram ...

For p an odd prime and a positive integer a which is not a multiple of p, a^((p-1)/2)=(a/p) (mod p), where (a|p) is the Legendre symbol.

The exterior derivative of a function f is the one-form df=sum_(i)(partialf)/(partialx_i)dx_i (1) written in a coordinate chart (x_1,...,x_n). Thinking of a function as a ...

A graph with a finite number of nodes and edges. If it has n nodes and has no multiple edges or graph loops (i.e., it is simple), it is a subgraph of the complete graph K_n. ...

The study of an extension of derivatives and integrals to noninteger orders. Fractional calculus is based on the definition of the fractional integral as ...

Half-angle formulas and formulas expressing trigonometric functions of an angle x/2 in terms of functions of an angle x. For real x, sin(1/2x) = ...

Various handshaking problems are in circulation, the most common one being the following. In a room of n people, how many different handshakes are possible? The answer is (n; ...

The Laplacian polynomial is the characteristic polynomial of the Laplacian matrix. The second smallest root of the Laplacian polynomial of a graph g (counting multiple values ...

A regression that is linear in the unknown parameters used in the fit. The most common form of linear regression is least squares fitting. Least squares fitting of lines and ...