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A relation between permutations p and q that exists if there is a sequence of transpositions such that each transposition increases the number of inversions (Stanton and ...

The repeated application of a transformation.

The throwing and catching of multiple objects such that at least one is always in the air. Some aspects of juggling turn out to be quite mathematical. The best examples are ...

Numbers 1, alpha_1, ..., alpha_L are rationally independent iff under the action of rotation rho_(alpha_1)×...×rho_(alpha_L) on the L-dimensional torus, every orbit is ...

A spectrum formed by the Lagrange numbers. The only ones less than three are the Lagrange numbers, but the last gaps end at Freiman's constant. Real numbers larger than ...

The smallest n for which a point x_0 is a periodic point of a function f so that f^n(x_0)=x_0. For example, for the function f(x)=-x, all points x have period 2 (including ...

Suppose that {f_n} is a sequence of measurable functions, that f_n->f pointwise almost everywhere as n->infty, and that |f_n|<=g for all n, where g is integrable. Then f is ...

A prime factorization algorithm in which a sequence of trial divisors is chosen using a quadratic sieve. By using quadratic residues of N, the quadratic residues of the ...

A planar diagram depicting a link (or knot) as a sequence of segments with gaps representing undercrossings and solid lines overcrossings. In such a diagram, only two ...

Let K be a field of field characteristic 0 (e.g., the rationals Q) and let {u_n} be a sequence of elements of K which satisfies a difference equation of the form ...