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A public-key cryptography algorithm which uses prime factorization as the trapdoor one-way function. Define n=pq (1) for p and q primes. Also define a private key d and a ...

A real polynomial P is said to be stable if all its roots lie in the left half-plane. The term "stable" is used to describe such a polynomial because, in the theory of linear ...

Given a property P, if P(x)∼x as x->infty (so, using asymptotic notation, the number of numbers less than x not satisfying the property P is o(x), where o(x) is one of the ...

A number which can be represented both in the form x_0^2-Dy_0^2 and in the form Dx_1^2-y_1^2. This is only possible when the Pell equation x^2-Dy^2=-1 (1) is solvable. Then ...

In common usage, a cardinal number is a number used in counting (a counting number), such as 1, 2, 3, .... In formal set theory, a cardinal number (also called "the ...

The average of the values of the class limits for a given class. A class mark is also called a midvalue or central value (Kenney and Keeping 1962, p. 14), and is commonly ...

An estimator is a rule that tells how to calculate an estimate based on the measurements contained in a sample. For example, the sample mean x^_ is an estimator for the ...

A quantity is said to be exact if it has a precise and well-defined value. J. W. Tukey remarked in 1962, "Far better an approximate answer to the right question, which is ...

An exponent is the power p in an expression of the form a^p. The process of performing the operation of raising a base to a given power is known as exponentiation.

The solution to the differential equation [D^(2v)+alphaD^v+betaD^0]y(t)=0 (1) is y(t)={e_alpha(t)-e_beta(t) for alpha!=beta; ...