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Let a hotel have a denumerable set of rooms numbered 1, 2, 3, .... Then any finite number n of guests can be accommodated without evicting the current guests by moving the ...

A function defined for all positive integers, sometimes also called an arithmetic function (Nagell 1951, p. 26) or number theoretic function (Wilf 1994, p. 58).

A quantity which remains unchanged under certain classes of transformations. Invariants are extremely useful for classifying mathematical objects because they usually reflect ...

If p_1, ..., p_n are positive numbers which sum to 1 and f is a real continuous function that is convex, then f(sum_(i=1)^np_ix_i)<=sum_(i=1)^np_if(x_i). (1) If f is concave, ...

The German mathematician Kronecker proved that all the Galois extensions of the rationals Q with Abelian Galois groups are subfields of cyclotomic fields Q(mu_n), where mu_n ...

With a large enough sample, any outrageous thing is likely to happen (Diaconis and Mosteller 1989). Littlewood (1986) considered an event which occurs one in a million times ...

Linnik's constant L is the constant appearing in Linnik's theorem. Heath-Brown (1992) has shown that L<=5.5, and Schinzel, Sierpiński, and Kanold (Ribenboim 1989) have ...

Let A={a_1,a_2,...} be a free Abelian semigroup, where a_1 is the identity element, and let mu(n) be the Möbius function. Define mu(a_n) on the elements of the semigroup ...

Given a sequence {a_i}_(i=1)^N, an n-moving average is a new sequence {s_i}_(i=1)^(N-n+1) defined from the a_i by taking the arithmetic mean of subsequences of n terms, ...

A type of mathematical result which is considered by most logicians as more natural than the metamathematical incompleteness results first discovered by Gödel. Finite ...