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The word "spectrum" confusingly has a number of unrelated meanings in various branches of mathematics.

The robustness of a given outcome to small changes in initial conditions or small random fluctuations. Chaos is an example of a process which is not stable.

The tangent plane to a surface at a point p is the tangent space at p (after translating to the origin). The elements of the tangent space are called tangent vectors, and ...

A quantity which is subtracted from another (the minuend).

A connection on a vector bundle pi:E->M is a way to "differentiate" bundle sections, in a way that is analogous to the exterior derivative df of a function f. In particular, ...

An n-step Fibonacci sequence {F_k^((n))}_(k=1)^infty is defined by letting F_k^((n))=0 for k<=0, F_1^((n))=F_2^((n))=1, and other terms according to the linear recurrence ...

Let ||f|| be the supremum of |f(x)|, a real-valued function f defined on (0,infty). If f is twice differentiable and both f and f^('') are bounded, Landau (1913) showed that ...

Orthogonal polynomials are classes of polynomials {p_n(x)} defined over a range [a,b] that obey an orthogonality relation int_a^bw(x)p_m(x)p_n(x)dx=delta_(mn)c_n, (1) where ...

Pre-Algebra

The n-ball, denoted B^n, is the interior of a sphere S^(n-1), and sometimes also called the n-disk. (Although physicists often use the term "sphere" to mean the solid ball, ...