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Two nonisomorphic graphs can share the same graph spectrum, i.e., have the same eigenvalues of their adjacency matrices. Such graphs are called cospectral. For example, the ...

Every semisimple Lie algebra g is classified by its Dynkin diagram. A Dynkin diagram is a graph with a few different kinds of possible edges. The connected components of the ...

The process of finding a reduced set of basis vectors for a given lattice having certain special properties. Lattice reduction algorithms are used in a number of modern ...

The total number of contravariant and covariant indices of a tensor. The rank R of a tensor is independent of the number of dimensions N of the underlying space. An intuitive ...

Some interesting properties (as well as a few arcane ones not reiterated here) of the number 239 are discussed in Schroeppel (1972). 239 appears in Machin's formula ...

An inverse function of an Abelian integral. Abelian functions have two variables and four periods, and can be defined by Theta(v,tau;q^'; ...

A two-dimensional affine geometry constructed over a finite field. For a field F of size n, the affine plane consists of the set of points which are ordered pairs of elements ...

Let P be the set of prime ideals of a commutative ring A. Then an affine scheme is a technical mathematical object defined as the ring spectrum sigma(A) of P, regarded as a ...

Let V be a vector space over a field K, and let A be a nonempty set. Now define addition p+a in A for any vector a in V and element p in A subject to the conditions: 1. ...

Let phi_0 be the latitude for the origin of the Cartesian coordinates and lambda_0 its longitude, and let phi_1 and phi_2 be the standard parallels. Then for a unit sphere, ...