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An azimuthal projection which is neither equal-area nor conformal. Let phi_1 and lambda_0 be the latitude and longitude of the center of the projection, then the ...

The inverse of the Laplace transform F(t) = L^(-1)[f(s)] (1) = 1/(2pii)int_(gamma-iinfty)^(gamma+iinfty)e^(st)f(s)ds (2) f(s) = L[F(t)] (3) = int_0^inftyF(t)e^(-st)dt. (4)

An element a of a ring which is nonzero, not a unit, and whose only divisors are the trivial ones (i.e., the units and the products ua, where u is a unit). Equivalently, an ...

In an exterior algebra ^ V, a top-dimensional form has degree n where n=dimV. Any form of higher degree must be zero. For example, if V=R^4 then alpha=e_1 ^ e_2 ^ e_3 ^ e_4 ...

Pre-Calculus

A description of an object by properties that are different from those mentioned in its definition, but are equivalent to them. The following list gives a number of examples. ...

A group whose group operation is identified with multiplication. As with normal multiplication, the multiplication operation on group elements is either denoted by a raised ...

A group G is a finite or infinite set of elements together with a binary operation (called the group operation) that together satisfy the four fundamental properties of ...

Linear algebra is the study of linear sets of equations and their transformation properties. Linear algebra allows the analysis of rotations in space, least squares fitting, ...

The conjugate gradient method can be applied on the normal equations. The CGNE and CGNR methods are variants of this approach that are the simplest methods for nonsymmetric ...