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A Fredholm integral equation of the second kind phi(x)=f(x)+lambdaint_a^bK(x,t)phi(t)dt (1) may be solved as follows. Take phi_0(x) = f(x) (2) phi_1(x) = ...

The commutator series of a Lie algebra g, sometimes called the derived series, is the sequence of subalgebras recursively defined by g^(k+1)=[g^k,g^k], (1) with g^0=g. The ...

The lower central series of a Lie algebra g is the sequence of subalgebras recursively defined by g_(k+1)=[g,g_k], (1) with g_0=g. The sequence of subspaces is always ...

A magic square for which the number of letters in the word for each number generates another magic square. This definition depends, of course, on the language being used. In ...

An n-fold multimagic cube is a magic cube that remains magic when each element is squared, cubed, etc., up to nth power. (Of course, when the elements of a cube are taken to ...

If all the diagonals--including those obtained by "wrapping around" the edges--of a magic square sum to the same magic constant, the square is said to be a panmagic square ...

The upper central series of a group G is the sequence of groups (each term normal in the term following it) 1=Z_0<=Z_1<=Z_2<=...<=Z_n<=... that is constructed in the ...

A magic square is said to be p-multimagic if the square formed by replacing each element by its kth power for k=1, 2, ..., p is also magic. A 2-multimagic square is called ...

A tetramagic cube is a magic cube that remains magic when all its numbers are squared, cubed, and taken to the fourth power. Only two tetramagic cubes are known, and both ...

A trimagic cube is a magic cube that remains magic when all its numbers are both squared and cubed. Only two trimagic cubes are known. The first trimagic cube was found by C. ...