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Through any point in the plane, there is at most one straight line parallel to a given straight line. This axiom is equivalent to the parallel postulate.

If a line intersects one of two parallel lines, both of which are coplanar with the original line, then it must intersect the other also. This axiom is equivalent to the ...

Given a rectangle BCDE, draw EF=DE on an extension of BE. Bisect BF and call the midpoint G. Now draw a semicircle centered at G, and construct the extension of ED which ...

Squaring is the geometric construction, using only compass and straightedge, of a square which has the same area as a given geometric figure. Squaring is also called ...

A surface on which the Gaussian curvature K is everywhere positive. When K is everywhere negative, a surface is called anticlastic. A point at which the Gaussian curvature is ...

Let CD be the altitude of a triangle DeltaABC and let E be its midpoint. Then area(DeltaABC)=1/2AB·CD=AB·DE, and ABFG can be squared by rectangle squaring. The general ...

A Euclidean number is a number which can be obtained by repeatedly solving the quadratic equation. Euclidean numbers, together with the rational numbers, can be constructed ...

The process of computing or obtaining an integral. A more archaic term for integration is quadrature.

The Newton-Cotes formulas are an extremely useful and straightforward family of numerical integration techniques. To integrate a function f(x) over some interval [a,b], ...

A definite integral is an integral int_a^bf(x)dx (1) with upper and lower limits. If x is restricted to lie on the real line, the definite integral is known as a Riemann ...