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A spanning tree of a graph on n vertices is a subset of n-1 edges that form a tree (Skiena 1990, p. 227). For example, the spanning trees of the cycle graph C_4, diamond ...

Spherical coordinates, also called spherical polar coordinates (Walton 1967, Arfken 1985), are a system of curvilinear coordinates that are natural for describing positions ...

The mathematical study of the likelihood and probability of events occurring based on known information and inferred by taking a limited number of samples. Statistics plays ...

A tree is a mathematical structure that can be viewed as either a graph or as a data structure. The two views are equivalent, since a tree data structure contains not only a ...

The (unilateral) Z-transform of a sequence {a_k}_(k=0)^infty is defined as Z[{a_k}_(k=0)^infty](z)=sum_(k=0)^infty(a_k)/(z^k). (1) This definition is implemented in the ...

The j-function is the modular function defined by j(tau)=1728J(tau), (1) where tau is the half-period ratio, I[tau]>0, ...

The (unilateral) Z-transform of a sequence {a_k}_(k=0)^infty is defined as Z[{a_k}_(k=0)^infty](z)=sum_(k=0)^infty(a_k)/(z^k). (1) This definition is implemented in the ...

Given a point P and a line AB, draw the perpendicular through P and call it PC. Let PD be any other line from P which meets CB in D. In a hyperbolic geometry, as D moves off ...

1. A straight line segment can be drawn joining any two points. 2. Any straight line segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight line. 3. Given any straight line ...

A set in which no element divides the sum of any nonempty subset of the other elements. For example, {2,3,5} is dividing, since 2|(3+5) (and 5|(2+3)), but {4,6,7} is ...