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A submodule that is not the entire module.

A scalar which reverses sign under inversion is called a pseudoscalar. For example, the scalar triple product A·(BxC) is a pseudoscalar since A·(BxC)=-[-A·((-B)x(-C))].

The doublestruck capital letter Q, Q, denotes the field of rationals. It derives from the German word Quotient, which can be translated as "ratio." The symbol Q first ...

If N is a submodule of the module M over the ring R, the quotient group M/N has a natural structure of R-module with the product defined by a(x+N)=ax+N for all a in R and all ...

There are several definitions of a ray. When viewed as a vector, a ray is a vector AB^-> from a point A to a point B. In geometry, a ray is usually taken as a half-infinite ...

For a given monic quartic equation f(x)=x^4+a_3x^3+a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0, (1) the resolvent cubic is the monic cubic polynomial g(x)=x^3+b_2x^2+b_1x+b_0, (2) where the coefficients ...

The direct product of the rings R_gamma, for gamma some index set I, is the set product_(gamma in I)R_gamma={f:I-> union _(gamma in I)R_gamma|f(gamma) in R_gamma all gamma in ...

A scalar is a one-component quantity that is invariant under rotations of the coordinate system.

A map f:R^n|->R which assigns each x a scalar function f(x).

A function f(x_1,...,x_n) of one or more variables whose range is one-dimensional, as compared to a vector function, whose range is three-dimensional (or, in general, ...