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The involute of an ellipse specified parametrically by x = acost (1) y = bsint (2) is given by the parametric equations x_i = ...

A Fredholm integral equation of the second kind phi(x)=f(x)+lambdaint_a^bK(x,t)phi(t)dt (1) may be solved as follows. Take phi_0(x) = f(x) (2) phi_1(x) = ...

D = f_(xx)f_(yy)-f_(xy)f_(yx) (1) = f_(xx)f_(yy)-f_(xy)^2, (2) where f_(ij) are partial derivatives.

The first mid-arc point is the triangle center with triangle center function alpha_(178)=[cos(1/2B)+cos(1/2C)]csc(1/2A). It is Kimberling center X_(178).

Let R be a ring, let A be a subring, and let B be an ideal of R. Then A+B={a+b:a in A,b in B} is a subring of R, A intersection B is an ideal of A and (A+B)/B=A/(A ...

An ordinary differential equation of the form y^('')+P(x)y^'+Q(x)y=0. (1) Such an equation has singularities for finite x=x_0 under the following conditions: (a) If either ...

A multiway system is a kind of substitution system in which multiple states are permitted at any stage. This accommodates rule systems in which there is more than one ...

Consider a function f(x) in one dimension. If f(x) has a relative extremum at x_0, then either f^'(x_0)=0 or f is not differentiable at x_0. Either the first or second ...

A logarithmic singularity is a singularity of an analytic function whose main z-dependent term is of order O(lnz). An example is the singularity of the Bessel function of the ...

The distribution of a product of two normally distributed variates X and Y with zero means and variances sigma_x^2 and sigma_y^2 is given by P_(XY)(u) = ...