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Spherical coordinates, also called spherical polar coordinates (Walton 1967, Arfken 1985), are a system of curvilinear coordinates that are natural for describing positions ...

The cycloid is the locus of a point on the rim of a circle of radius a rolling along a straight line. It was studied and named by Galileo in 1599. Galileo attempted to find ...

A curve of constant width constructed by drawing arcs from each polygon vertex of an equilateral triangle between the other two vertices. The Reuleaux triangle has the ...

A sphere is defined as the set of all points in three-dimensional Euclidean space R^3 that are located at a distance r (the "radius") from a given point (the "center"). Twice ...

Given an acute angle in a right triangle, the adjacent side is the leg of the triangle from which the angle to the hypotenuse is measured. Lengths of adjacent and opposite ...

An Artin L-function over the rationals Q encodes in a generating function information about how an irreducible monic polynomial over Z factors when reduced modulo each prime. ...

The integral transform defined by (Kphi)(x)=int_0^infty(x^2-t^2)_+^(lambda/2)P_nu^lambda(t/x)phi(t)dt, where y_+^alpha is the truncated power function and P_nu^lambda(x) is ...

Functions which can be expressed in terms of Legendre functions of the first and second kinds. See Abramowitz and Stegun (1972, p. 337). P_(-1/2+ip)(costheta) = (1) = ...

A theory is decidable iff there is an algorithm which can determine whether or not any sentence r is a member of the theory.

E(a,b)/p denotes the elliptic group modulo p whose elements are 1 and infty together with the pairs of integers (x,y) with 0<=x,y<p satisfying y^2=x^3+ax+b (mod p) (1) with a ...