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Low-dimensional topology usually deals with objects that are two-, three-, or four-dimensional in nature. Properly speaking, low-dimensional topology should be part of ...

Consider the local behavior of a map f:R^m->R^n by choosing a point x in R^m and an open neighborhood U subset R^m such that x in U. Now consider the set of all mappings ...

The direct sum of modules A and B is the module A direct sum B={a direct sum b|a in A,b in B}, (1) where all algebraic operations are defined componentwise. In particular, ...

A subset {v_1,...,v_k} of a vector space V, with the inner product <,>, is called orthogonal if <v_i,v_j>=0 when i!=j. That is, the vectors are mutually perpendicular. Note ...

Define a power difference prime as a number of the form n^n-(n-1)^(n-1) that is prime. The first few power difference primes then have n=2, 3, 4, 7, 11, 17, 106, 120, 1907, ...

A random permutation is a permutation containing a fixed number n of a random selection from a given set of elements. There are two main algorithms for constructing random ...

The dodecic surface defined by X_(12)=243S_(12)-22Q_(12)=0, (1) where Q_(12) = (x^2+y^2+z^2+w^2)^6 (2) S_(12) = (3) l_1 = x^4+y^4+z^4+w^4 (4) l_2 = x^2y^2+z^2w^2 (5) l_3 = ...

A transformation consisting of a constant offset with no rotation or distortion. In n-dimensional Euclidean space, a translation may be specified simply as a vector giving ...

The generalized hypergeometric function is given by a hypergeometric series, i.e., a series for which the ratio of successive terms can be written ...

An accumulation point is a point which is the limit of a sequence, also called a limit point. For some maps, periodic orbits give way to chaotic ones beyond a point known as ...