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A strong inequality in which a is not only less than b, but much less (by some convention) is denoted a<<b.

The relationship x precedes y is written x≺y. The relation x precedes or is equal to y is written x<=y.

The symbol p^e∥n means, for p a prime, that p^e|n, but p^(e+1)n.

There are 14 families of spherical groups, which can be written in orbifold notation as *532, 532, *432, 432, *332, 3*2, 332, *22N, 2*N, 22N, *NN, N*, Nx, and NN.

The relationship x succeeds (or follows) y is written x≻y. The relation x succeeds or is equal to y is written x>=y.

Informally, the term asymptotic means approaching a value or curve arbitrarily closely (i.e., as some sort of limit is taken). A line or curve A that is asymptotic to given ...

A differential of the form df=P(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy (1) is exact (also called a total differential) if intdf is path-independent. This will be true if ...

A differential evolution method used to minimize functions of real variables. Evolution strategies are significantly faster at numerical optimization than traditional genetic ...

A genetic algorithm is a class of adaptive stochastic optimization algorithms involving search and optimization. Genetic algorithms were first used by Holland (1975). The ...

Maximize the distance a Jeep can penetrate into the desert using a given quantity of fuel. The Jeep is allowed to go forward, unload some fuel, and then return to its base ...