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The simplex method is a method for solving problems in linear programming. This method, invented by George Dantzig in 1947, tests adjacent vertices of the feasible set (which ...

The traveling salesman problem is a problem in graph theory requiring the most efficient (i.e., least total distance) Hamiltonian cycle a salesman can take through each of n ...

The unknot, also called the trivial knot (Rolfsen 1976, p. 51), is a closed loop that is not knotted. In the 1930s Reidemeister first proved that knots exist which are ...

Discrete Mathematics

Ai(z) and Ai^'(z) have zeros on the negative real axis only. Bi(z) and Bi^'(z) have zeros on the negative real axis and in the sector pi/3<|argz|<pi/2. The nth (real) roots ...

Bisection is the division of a given curve, figure, or interval into two equal parts (halves). A simple bisection procedure for iteratively converging on a solution which is ...

The Brent-Salamin formula, also called the Gauss-Salamin formula or Salamin formula, is a formula that uses the arithmetic-geometric mean to compute pi. It has quadratic ...

A canonical labeling, also called a canonical form, of a graph G is a graph G^' which is isomorphic to G and which represents the whole isomorphism class of G (Piperno 2011). ...

A multiway system that generates causal networks which are all isomorphic as acyclic digraphs is said to exhibit causal invariance, and the causal network itself is also said ...

A causal network is an acyclic digraph arising from an evolution of a substitution system, and representing its history. The illustration above shows a causal network ...