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A sum of the digits in a given transmission modulo some number. The simplest form of checksum is a parity bit appended on to 7-bit numbers (e.g., ASCII characters) such that ...

A fake knot (i.e., a knot equivalent to the unknot) created by tying a square knot, then looping one end twice through the knot such that when both ends are pulled, the knot ...

A node which is one graph edge further away from a given node in a rooted tree.

A gambling game played at carnivals in which a player may bet on any one of the numbers 1 through 6. Three dice are then rolled and, if his number appears, he receives back a ...

A circle bundle pi:E->M is a fiber bundle whose fibers pi^(-1)(x) are circles. It may also have the structure of a principal bundle if there is an action of SO(2) that ...

One of the ranges into which data in a frequency distribution table (or histogram) are binned. The ends of a class interval are called class limits, and the middle of an ...

A set of class representatives is a subset of X which contains exactly one element from each equivalence class.

The classification of a collection of objects generally means that a list has been constructed with exactly one member from each isomorphism type among the objects, and that ...

Let C_1, C_2, C_3, and C_4 be four circles of general position through a point P. Let P_(ij) be the second intersection of the circles C_i and C_j. Let C_(ijk) be the circle ...

A clique covering of a graph G is set of cliques such that every vertex of G is a member of at least one clique. A minimum clique covering is a clique covering of minimum ...