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A function H that maps an arbitrary length message M to a fixed length message digest MD is a one-way hash function if 1. It is a one-way function. 2. Given M and H(M), it is ...

If f is a schlicht function and D(z_0,r) is the open disk of radius r centered at z_0, then f(D(0,1)) superset= D(0,1/4), where superset= denotes a (not necessarily proper) ...

A set of circuits going along the graph edges of a graph, each with an even number of graph edges, such that just one of the circuits passes through each graph vertex (Ball ...

A system of congruences a_i mod n_i with 1<=i<=k is called a complete residue system (or covering system) if every integer y satisfies y=a_i (mod n) for at least one value of ...

A connection between two or more vertices of a hypergraph. A hyperedge connecting just two vertices is simply a usual graph edge.

If and only if (i.e., necessary and sufficient). The terms "just if" or "exactly when" are sometimes used instead. A iff B is written symbolically as A<->B, A<=>B, A<->B, or ...

Let a_(n+1) = 1/2(a_n+b_n) (1) b_(n+1) = (2a_nb_n)/(a_n+b_n). (2) Then A(a_0,b_0)=lim_(n->infty)a_n=lim_(n->infty)b_n=sqrt(a_0b_0), (3) which is just the geometric mean.

Arrow's paradox, also called Arrow's impossibility theorem or the general possibility theorem, states that perfect democratic voting is impossible, not just in practice but ...

A lag system, introduced by Wang (1963), is a sort of opposite to a tag system. Lag systems allow dependence on more than just the first element, but remove only the first ...

The closure of a set A is the smallest closed set containing A. Closed sets are closed under arbitrary intersection, so it is also the intersection of all closed sets ...