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The angle of incidence of a ray to a surface is measured as the difference in angle between the ray and the normal vector of the surface at the point of intersection.

The difference between the sum of face angles A_i at a polyhedron vertex of a polyhedron and 2pi, delta=2pi-sum_(i)A_i.

An antilinear operator A^~ satisfies the following two properties: A^~[f_1(x)+f_2(x)] = A^~f_1(x)+A^~f_2(x) (1) A^~cf(x) = c^_A^~f(x), (2) where c^_ is the complex conjugate ...

A formal mathematical theory which introduces "components at infinity" by defining a new type of divisor class group of integers of a number field. The divisor class group is ...

The area element for a surface with first fundamental form ds^2=Edu^2+2Fdudv+Gdv^2 is dA=sqrt(EG-F^2)du ^ dv, where du ^ dv is the wedge product.

Given a group action G×F->F and a principal bundle pi:A->M, the associated fiber bundle on M is pi^~:A×F/G->M. (1) In particular, it is the quotient space A×F/G where ...

Let P be the set of primes, and let Q_p and Z_p(t) be the fields of p-adic numbers and formal power series over Z_p=(0,1,...,p-1). Further, suppose that D is a "nonprincipal ...

Let the characteristic polynomial of an n×n complex matrix A be written in the form P(lambda) = |lambdaI-A| (1) = ...

There are several different definitions of the barbell graph. Most commonly and in this work, the n-barbell graph is the simple graph obtained by connecting two copies of a ...

A collection B of subsets of a set X forming a topological basis.