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Let n be a positive number having primitive roots. If g is a primitive root of n, then the numbers 1, g, g^2, ..., g^(phi(n)-1) form a reduced residue system modulo n, where ...

For an n-dimensional map, the Lyapunov characteristic exponents are given by sigma_i=lim_(N->infty)ln|lambda_i(N)| for i=1, ..., n, where lambda_i is the Lyapunov ...

A perfect field is a field F such that every algebraic extension is separable. Any field in field characteristic zero, such as the rationals or the p-adics, or any finite ...

The highest power in a univariate polynomial is known as its degree, or sometimes "order." For example, the polynomial P(x)=a_nx^n+...+a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0 is of degree n, denoted ...

The derivative of the power x^n is given by d/(dx)(x^n)=nx^(n-1).

The derivative identity d/(dx)[f(x)g(x)] = lim_(h->0)(f(x+h)g(x+h)-f(x)g(x))/h (1) = (2) = lim_(h->0)[f(x+h)(g(x+h)-g(x))/h+g(x)(f(x+h)-f(x))/h] (3) = f(x)g^'(x)+g(x)f^'(x), ...

The Rabinovich-Fabrikant equation is the set of coupled linear ordinary differential equations given by x^. = y(z-1+x^2)+gammax (1) y^. = x(3z+1-x^2)+gammay (2) z^. = ...

Let p be an irregular prime, and let P=rp+1 be a prime with P<p^2-p. Also let t be an integer such that t^3≢1 (mod P). For an irregular pair (p,2k), form the product ...

The two-dimensional map x_(n+1) = [x_n+nu(1+muy_n)+epsilonnumucos(2pix_n)] (mod 1) (1) y_(n+1) = e^(-Gamma)[y_n+epsiloncos(2pix_n)], (2) where mu=(1-e^(-Gamma))/Gamma (3) ...

The constant polynomial P(x)=0 whose coefficients are all equal to 0. The corresponding polynomial function is the constant function with value 0, also called the zero map. ...