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The points of tangency t_1 and t_2 for the four lines tangent to two circles with centers x_1 and x_2 and radii r_1 and r_2 are given by solving the simultaneous equations ...

Let M be a regular surface with v_(p),w_(p) points in the tangent space M_(p) of M. Then the first fundamental form is the inner product of tangent vectors, ...

Let a circle C_1 lie inside another circle C_2. From any point on C_2, draw a tangent to C_1 and extend it to C_2. From the point, draw another tangent, etc. For n tangents, ...

Given three mutually tangent circles, there exist exactly two nonintersecting circles which are tangent circles to all three original circles. These are called the inner and ...

A cubic equation is an equation involving a cubic polynomial, i.e., one of the form a_3x^3+a_2x^2+a_1x+a_0=0. Since a_3!=0 (or else the polynomial would be quadratic and not ...

Given a function f(x) plotted in the Cartesian plane as y=f(x), the average rate of change (or average rate of change function) of f from x to a is given by ...

The contact angle between a sphere and a tangent plane is the angle alpha between the normal to the sphere at the point of tangency and the basal plane with respect to which ...

The rotation vector of the trihedron of a curve with curvature kappa!=0 when a point moves along a curve with unit speed. It is given by D=tauT+kappaB, (1) where tau is the ...

There are three types of so-called fundamental forms. The most important are the first and second (since the third can be expressed in terms of these). The fundamental forms ...

The (signed) area of a planar non-self-intersecting polygon with vertices (x_1,y_1), ..., (x_n,y_n) is A=1/2(|x_1 x_2; y_1 y_2|+|x_2 x_3; y_2 y_3|+...+|x_n x_1; y_n y_1|), ...