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The winding number W(theta) of a map f(theta) with initial value theta is defined by W(theta)=lim_(n->infty)(f^n(theta)-theta)/n, which represents the average increase in the ...

A measure space is a measurable space possessing a nonnegative measure. Examples of measure spaces include n-dimensional Euclidean space with Lebesgue measure and the unit ...

When a closed interval [a,b] is partitioned by points a<x_1<x_2<...<x_(n-1)<b, the lengths of the resulting intervals between the points are denoted Deltax_1, Deltax_2, ..., ...

Let f be a nonnegative and continuous function on the closed interval [a,b], then the solid of revolution obtained by rotating the curve f(x) about the x-axis from x=a to x=b ...

Let f and g be nonnegative and continuous functions on the closed interval [a,b], then the solid of revolution obtained by rotating the curves f(x) and g(x) about the x-axis ...

Spherical triangles into which a sphere is divided by the planes of symmetry of a uniform polyhedron.

An n-dimensional open ball of radius r is the collection of points of distance less than r from a fixed point in Euclidean n-space. Explicitly, the open ball with center x ...

A collection of open sets of a topological space whose union contains a given subset. For example, an open cover of the real line, with respect to the Euclidean topology, is ...

Two functions f(x) and g(x) are orthogonal over the interval a<=x<=b with weighting function w(x) if <f(x)|g(x)>=int_a^bf(x)g(x)w(x)dx=0. (1) If, in addition, ...

Orthogonal polynomials are classes of polynomials {p_n(x)} defined over a range [a,b] that obey an orthogonality relation int_a^bw(x)p_m(x)p_n(x)dx=delta_(mn)c_n, (1) where ...