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Two losing gambling games can be set up so that when they are played one after the other, they become winning. There are many ways to construct such scenarios, the simplest ...

Surreal numbers are the most natural collection of numbers which includes both the real numbers and the infinite ordinal numbers of Georg Cantor. They were invented by John ...

The simple process of voting leads to surprisingly counterintuitive paradoxes. For example, if three people vote for three candidates, giving the rankings A, B, C; B, C, A; ...

A cellular automaton is a collection of "colored" cells on a grid of specified shape that evolves through a number of discrete time steps according to a set of rules based on ...

A totalistic cellular automaton is a cellular automata in which the rules depend only on the total (or equivalently, the average) of the values of the cells in a ...

An abstract machine is a model of a computer system (considered either as hardware or software) constructed to allow a detailed and precise analysis of how the computer ...

A number of the form n^...^_()_(n)n, where Knuth up-arrow notation has been used. The first few Ackermann numbers are 1^1=1, 2^^2=4, and ...

An attractor is a set of states (points in the phase space), invariant under the dynamics, towards which neighboring states in a given basin of attraction asymptotically ...

An augmented matrix is a matrix obtained by adjoining a row or column vector, or sometimes another matrix with the same vertical dimension. The most common use of an ...

The attractor of the iterated function system given by the set of "fern functions" f_1(x,y) = [0.85 0.04; -0.04 0.85][x; y]+[0.00; 1.60] (1) f_2(x,y) = [-0.15 0.28; 0.26 ...