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If a and n are relatively prime so that the greatest common divisor GCD(a,n)=1, then a^(lambda(n))=1 (mod n), where lambda is the Carmichael function.

A discrete space is simply a topological space equipped with the discrete topology. A discrete space is always a metric space, namely the metric space with the same ...

A phrase used by Tukey to describe data points which are outside the outer fences.

A number x is said to have "n figures" if it takes n digits to express it. The number of figures is therefore equal to one more than the power of 10 in the scientific ...

An algebraic equation is algebraically solvable iff its group is solvable. In order that an irreducible equation of prime degree be solvable by radicals, it is necessary and ...

Let u_1<=u_2<=... be harmonic functions on a connected open set U subset= C. Then either u_j->infty uniformly on compact sets or there is a finite-values harmonic function u ...

Taking the pole as the inversion center, the hyperbolic spiral inverts to Archimedes' spiral r=atheta.

A game in which the possible moves are the same for each player in any position. All positions in all impartial games form an additive Abelian group. For impartial games in ...

Let A be a unital C^*-algebra, then an element u in A is called an isometry if u^*u=1.

A special ideal in a commutative ring R. The Jacobson radical is the intersection of the maximal ideals in R. It could be the zero ideal, as in the case of the integers.