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A matrix for which horizontal and vertical dimensions are not the same (i.e., an m×n matrix with m!=n).

Ruffini's rule a shortcut method for dividing a polynomial by a linear factor of the form x-a which can be used in place of the standard long division algorithm. This method ...

A function is a relation that uniquely associates members of one set with members of another set. More formally, a function from A to B is an object f such that every a in A ...

A Proth number that is prime, i.e., a number of the form N=k·2^n+1 for odd k, n a positive integer, and 2^n>k. Factors of Fermat numbers are of this form as long as they ...

A homework problem proposed in Steffi's math class in January 2003 asked students to prove that no ratio of two unequal numbers obtained by permuting all the digits 1, 2, ...

The smallest value of a set, function, etc. The minimum value of a set of elements A={a_i}_(i=1)^N is denoted minA or min_(i)a_i, and is equal to the first element of a ...

A compositeness certificate is a piece of information which guarantees that a given number p is composite. Possible certificates consist of a factor of a number (which, in ...

A point x_0 at which the derivative of a function f(x) vanishes, f^'(x_0)=0. A stationary point may be a minimum, maximum, or inflection point.

Given the Lucas sequence U_n(b,-1) and V_n(b,-1), define Delta=b^2+4. Then an extra strong Lucas pseudoprime to the base b is a composite number n=2^rs+(Delta/n), where s is ...

A power series sum^(infty)c_kx^k will converge only for certain values of x. For instance, sum_(k=0)^(infty)x^k converges for -1<x<1. In general, there is always an interval ...