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A Lorentz transformation is a four-dimensional transformation x^('mu)=Lambda^mu_nux^nu, (1) satisfied by all four-vectors x^nu, where Lambda^mu_nu is a so-called Lorentz ...

Cospectral graphs, also called isospectral graphs, are graphs that share the same graph spectrum. The smallest pair of isospectral graphs is the graph union C_4 union K_1 and ...

A polyhedron that is dual to itself. For example, the tetrahedron is self-dual. Naturally, the skeleton of a self-dual polyhedron is a self-dual graph. Pyramids are ...

The shortest path problem seeks to find the shortest path (a.k.a. graph geodesic) connecting two specific vertices (u,v) of a directed or undirected graph. The length of the ...

An edge cover is a subset of edges defined similarly to the vertex cover (Skiena 1990, p. 219), namely a collection of graph edges such that the union of edge endpoints ...

The edge multiplicity of a given end vertex in a multigraph is the number of multiple edges sharing that end vertex. The maximum edge multiplicity in such a graph is known as ...

Given an undirected graph, a degree sequence is a monotonic nonincreasing sequence of the vertex degrees (valencies) of its graph vertices. The number of degree sequences for ...

The set of all edge automorphisms of G, denoted Aut^*(G). Let L(G) be the line graph of a graph G. Then the edge automorphism group Aut^*(G) is isomorphic to Aut(L(G)), ...

The Janko groups are the four sporadic groups J_1, J_2, J_3 and J_4. The Janko group J_2 is also known as the Hall-Janko group. The Janko groups are implemented in the ...

An integer sequence whose terms are defined in terms of number-related words in some language. For example, the following table gives the sequences of numbers having digits ...