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A divergenceless field can be partitioned into a toroidal and a poloidal part. This separation is important in geo- and heliophysics, and in particular in dynamo theory and ...

Miller's rules, originally devised to restrict the number of icosahedron stellations to avoid, for example, the occurrence of models that appear identical but have different ...

The divergence of a vector field F, denoted div(F) or del ·F (the notation used in this work), is defined by a limit of the surface integral del ·F=lim_(V->0)(∮_SF·da)/V (1) ...

An orthogonal coordinate system is a system of curvilinear coordinates in which each family of surfaces intersects the others at right angles. Orthogonal coordinates ...

The Blancmange function, also called the Takagi fractal curve (Peitgen and Saupe 1988), is a pathological continuous function which is nowhere differentiable. Its name ...

Let c and d!=c be real numbers (usually taken as c=1 and d=0). The Dirichlet function is defined by D(x)={c for x rational; d for x irrational (1) and is discontinuous ...

A Gray code is an encoding of numbers so that adjacent numbers have a single digit differing by 1. The term Gray code is often used to refer to a "reflected" code, or more ...

A rooted tree is a tree in which a special ("labeled") node is singled out. This node is called the "root" or (less commonly) "eve" of the tree. Rooted trees are equivalent ...

A superellipse is a curve with Cartesian equation |x/a|^r+|y/b|^r=1, (1) first discussed in 1818 by Lamé. A superellipse may be described parametrically by x = acos^(2/r)t ...

While many computations admit shortcuts that allow them to be performed more rapidly, others cannot be sped up. Computations that cannot be sped up by means of any shortcut ...