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The minimum spanning tree of a weighted graph is a set of edges of minimum total weight which form a spanning tree of the graph. When a graph is unweighted, any spanning tree ...

Archimedes' cattle problem, also called the bovinum problema, or Archimedes' reverse, is stated as follows: "The sun god had a herd of cattle consisting of bulls and cows, ...

Diophantus's riddle is a poem that encodes a mathematical problem. In verse, it read as follows: 'Here lies Diophantus,' the wonder behold. Through art algebraic, the stone ...

Rubik's Clock is a puzzle consisting of 18 small clocks, 14 of which are independent, each of which may be set to any 12-hour position. There are therefore 12^(14) possible ...

Turing machines are defined by sets of rules that operate on four parameters: (state, tape cell color, operation, state). Let the states and tape cell colors be numbered and ...

Ruffini's rule a shortcut method for dividing a polynomial by a linear factor of the form x-a which can be used in place of the standard long division algorithm. This method ...

A characteristic factor is a factor in a particular factorization of the totient function phi(n) such that the product of characteristic factors gives the representation of a ...

The composite number problem asks if for a given positive integer N there exist positive integers m and n such that N=mn. The complexity of the composite number problem was ...

Ueberhuber (1997, p. 71) and Krommer and Ueberhuber (1998, pp. 49 and 155-165) use the word "quadrature" to mean numerical computation of a univariate integral, and ...

Differential algebra is a field of mathematics that attempts to use methods from abstract algebra to study solutions of systems of polynomial nonlinear ordinary and partial ...