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A global minimum, also known as an absolute minimum, is the smallest overall value of a set, function, etc., over its entire range. It is impossible to construct an algorithm ...

A ring without zero divisors in which an integer norm and an associated division algorithm (i.e., a Euclidean algorithm) can be defined. For signed integers, the usual norm ...

A quartic surface which can be constructed as follows. Given a circle C and plane E perpendicular to the plane of C, move a second circle K of the same radius as C through ...

A extension ring (or ring extension) of a ring R is any ring S of which R is a subring. For example, the field of rational numbers Q and the ring of Gaussian integers Z[i] ...

An algorithm in control theory introduced by Kalman (1960) and refined by Kalman and Bucy (1961). It is an algorithm which makes optimal use of imprecise data on a linear (or ...

Let R^3 be the space in which a knot K sits. Then the space "around" the knot, i.e., everything but the knot itself, is denoted R^3-K and is called the knot complement of K ...

In a set X equipped with a binary operation · called a product, the multiplicative identity is an element e such that e·x=x·e=x for all x in X. It can be, for example, the ...

A continuous-time stochastic process W(t) for t>=0 with W(0)=0 and such that the increment W(t)-W(s) is Gaussian with mean 0 and variance t-s for any 0<=s<t, and increments ...

A method for finding a matrix inverse. To apply Gauss-Jordan elimination, operate on a matrix [A I]=[a_(11) ... a_(1n) 1 0 ... 0; a_(21) ... a_(2n) 0 1 ... 0; | ... | | | ... ...

The power polynomials x^n are an associated Sheffer sequence with f(t)=t, (1) giving generating function sum_(k=0)^inftyx^kt^k=1/(1-tx) (2) and exponential generating ...