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The inverse hyperbolic tangent tanh^(-1)z (Zwillinger 1995, p. 481; Beyer 1987, p. 181), sometimes called the area hyperbolic tangent (Harris and Stocker 1998, p. 267), is ...

Birthday attacks are a class of brute-force techniques used in an attempt to solve a class of cryptographic hash function problems. These methods take advantage of functions ...

Let B={b_1,b_2,...} be an infinite Abelian semigroup with linear order b_1<b_2<... such that b_1 is the unit element and a<b implies ac<bc for a,b,c in B. Define a Möbius ...

A general class of means introduced by Italian mathematician Oscar Chisini (pronounced keeseenee) in 1929. Given a function of n variables f(x_1,...,x_n), the Chisini mean of ...

Let a knot K be parameterized by a vector function v(t) with t in S^1, and let w be a fixed unit vector in R^3. Count the number of local minima of the projection function ...

A function f is Fréchet differentiable at a if lim_(x->a)(f(x)-f(a))/(x-a) exists. This is equivalent to the statement that phi has a removable discontinuity at a, where ...

A functional is a real-valued function on a vector space V, usually of functions. For example, the energy functional on the unit disk D assigns a number to any differentiable ...

A theorem, also called the iteration theorem, that makes use of the lambda notation introduced by Church. Let phi_x^((k)) denote the recursive function of k variables with ...

Informally, an L^2-function is a function f:X->R that is square integrable, i.e., |f|^2=int_X|f|^2dmu with respect to the measure mu, exists (and is finite), in which case ...

For any constructible function f, there exists a function P_f such that for all functions t, the following two statements are equivalent: 1. There exists an algorithm A such ...