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A pseudograph is a non-simple graph in which both graph loops and multiple edges are permitted (Zwillinger 2003, p. 220).

A pseudoinverse is a matrix inverse-like object that may be defined for a complex matrix, even if it is not necessarily square. For any given complex matrix, it is possible ...

The pseudosmarandache function Z(n) is the smallest integer such that sum_(k=1)^(Z(n))k=1/2Z(n)[Z(n)+1] is divisible by n. The values for n=1, 2, ... are 1, 3, 2, 7, 4, 3, 6, ...

A pseudotree is a connected pseudoforest, i.e., an undirected connected graph that contains at most one graph cycle. Connected acyclic graphs (i.e., trees), are therefore ...

A typical vector (i.e., a vector such as the radius vector r) is transformed to its negative under inversion of its coordinate axes. Such "proper" vectors are known as polar ...

For a cyclic quadrilateral, the sum of the products of the two pairs of opposite sides equals the product of the diagonals AB×CD+BC×DA=AC×BD (1) (Kimberling 1998, p. 223). ...

A type of cryptography in which the encoding key is revealed without compromising the encoded message. The two best-known methods are the knapsack problem and RSA encryption.

The William Lowell Putnam Mathematics Competition is an annual mathematics contest open to North American college students administered by the Mathematical Association of ...

A mathematical problem, usually not requiring advanced mathematics, to which a solution is desired. Puzzles frequently require the rearrangement of existing pieces (e.g., 15 ...

A figurate number corresponding to a configuration of points which form a pyramid with r-sided regular polygon bases can be thought of as a generalized pyramidal number, and ...