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For p an odd prime and a positive integer a which is not a multiple of p, a^((p-1)/2)=(a/p) (mod p), where (a|p) is the Legendre symbol.

A generalization of Fermat's little theorem. Euler published a proof of the following more general theorem in 1736. Let phi(n) denote the totient function. Then a^(phi(n))=1 ...

A curve on the unit sphere S^2 is an eversion if it has no corners or cusps (but it may be self-intersecting). These properties are guaranteed by requiring that the curve's ...

The center J_i of an excircle. There are three excenters for a given triangle, denoted J_1, J_2, J_3. The incenter I and excenters J_i of a triangle are an orthocentric ...

An existential sentence is a statement claiming the existence of an object with given properties. In the language of set theory it can be formulated as follows, exists x in U ...

Draw a triangle DeltaA_1A_2A_3, and let A_1^' be the intersection of the parallel to A_3A_1 through A_2 (the A_2-exmedian) and the parallel to A_1A_2 through A_3 (the ...

Exponential growth is the increase in a quantity N according to the law N(t)=N_0e^(lambdat) (1) for a parameter t and constant lambda (the analog of the decay constant), ...

An exponential moving average, also known as an exponentially weighted moving average and abbreviated EMA or EWMA, is a moving filter that applied weights to older values in ...

The triangle T that is externally tangent to the excircles and forms their triangular hull is called the extangents triangle (Kimberling 1998, p. 162). It is homothetic to ...

The extended mean-value theorem (Anton 1984, pp. 543-544), also known as the Cauchy mean-value theorem (Anton 1984, pp. 543) and Cauchy's mean-value formula (Apostol 1967, p. ...