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A method of displaying simple statistical parameters including hinges, the statistical median, and upper and lower values.

A sorting method proposed by Shell (1959) in which records being sorted can take long jumps instead of being restricted to short steps.

A generalization of spun knots due to Zeeman. This method produces four-dimensional knot types that cannot be produced by ordinary spinning.

An extension F of a field K is said to be algebraic if every element of F is algebraic over K (i.e., is the root of a nonzero polynomial with coefficients in K).

A set of class representatives is a subset of X which contains exactly one element from each equivalence class.

Let A be a unital C^*-algebra, then an element u in A is called co-isometry if uu^*=1.

A map f:X-->Y is called constant with constant value y if f(x)=y for all x in X, i.e., if all elements of X are sent to same element y of Y.

If A is a unital Banach algebra where every nonzero element is invertible, then A is the algebra of complex numbers.

An addition chain for which there is a subset H of members such that each member of the chain uses the largest element of H which is less than the member.

The map which assigns every member of a set A to the same element id_A. It is identical to the identity function.